Carrying bulk grain cargoes such as wheat, maize, barley, or rice may seem straightforward, but it presents serious stability and safety risks if not properly managed. To address this, the International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk (International Grain Code) was developed under the SOLAS Convention. Compliance with this code is demonstrated through the Document of Authorization for the Carriage of Grain (Grain DOA Certificate).
In this guide, we’ll explore what the Grain DOA is, why it is needed, how ships obtain it, and why it is a critical statutory document for bulk carriers worldwide.
What is the Grain DOA Certificate?
The Grain Document of Authorization (DOA) is an official certificate issued by a flag state or its recognized organization (usually a classification society) that certifies a vessel is constructed and equipped in compliance with the International Grain Code and is fit to carry bulk grain cargoes safely.
Without this document, ships are prohibited from loading bulk grain in ports of states that are party to SOLAS and the International Grain Code.
Legal Basis
International Grain Code, adopted by IMO, made mandatory under SOLAS Chapter VI (Carriage of Cargoes).
Applies to all ships engaged in the carriage of grain in bulk.
Why is a Grain DOA Needed?
Grain cargoes pose unique challenges:
Grain tends to shift during transit, causing dangerous changes in stability.
Improper stowage can result in capsizing and loss of the vessel.
The DOA confirms that the ship has sufficient stability data, construction features, and arrangements to mitigate these risks.
Which Ships Need the Grain DOA?
All ships engaged in the carriage of grain in bulk in international trade.
Applies especially to bulk carriers, but also to general cargo ships that may carry grain.
Who Issues the Grain DOA?
Issued by the Flag State Administration.
Usually delegated to a Recognized Organization (RO) such as a classification society.
Based on an approved stability booklet that demonstrates compliance with the International Grain Code.
Key Requirements for Obtaining the Grain DOA
- Stability Booklet – Must include grain stability calculations, worst-case heeling moments, and required metacentric height (GM).
- Construction and Fittings – Must meet requirements for grain-tight bulkheads, feeders, and underdeck void spaces.
- Inclining Experiment / Lightweight Data – Accurate stability data must be available.
- Grain Loading Conditions – Specific conditions must be demonstrated and approved.
Validity of the Grain DOA
Valid for 5 years, subject to annual endorsements.
May be renewed following successful renewal surveys.
Invalid if the ship undergoes major structural changes affecting stability.
Information Contained in the DOA
Name of ship and IMO number
Port of registry and flag
Name of registered owner
Statement that the ship complies with the International Grain Code
Date of issue and expiry
Issuing authority (flag state or RO)
Endorsement record for annual verifications
Importance of the Grain DOA
- Safety of the Vessel – Prevents accidents due to grain shift.
- Legal Requirement – Mandatory under SOLAS for ships loading bulk grain.
- Commercial Requirement – Without it, charterers and ports will not allow grain loading.
- Operational Guidance – Ensures the master has approved stability criteria and grain loading instructions.
Consequences of Not Holding a Grain DOA
Vessel may be detained by Port State Control (PSC).
Cargo operations may be delayed or refused at grain terminals.
Possible fines, penalties, and reputational damage.
Increased risk of accidents due to unstable loading conditions.
Conclusion
The Document of Authorization for the Carriage of Grain (Grain DOA Certificate) is an essential statutory document for bulk carriers and other vessels carrying grain. It ensures compliance with the International Grain Code, verifies that the vessel is structurally and operationally safe for grain carriage, and prevents catastrophic stability failures.
For shipowners, operators, and masters, keeping this certificate valid and onboard is both a legal obligation and a lifesaving safeguard for crew, cargo, and vessel alike
